Urinary Toxicology Interpretation
| Test Drug | Duration of Detection | Possible False Positives |
| Amphetamines | 2–3 days | Amantadine, bupropion, chlorpromazine, desipramine, fluoxetine, labetolol, methylphenidate, phentermine, phenylephrine, phenylpropanolamine, promethazine, pseudoephedrine, ranitidine, thioridazine, trazodone |
| Benzodiazepines | 3 days for short-acting Up to 30 days for long-acting | Oxaprozin, sertraline |
| Cocaine | 2–3 days with occasional use Up to 8 days with heavy use | Topical anesthetics |
| Opiates | 1–3 days | Dextromethorphan, diphenhydramine, fluorquinolones, poppy seeds, quinine, rifampin, verapamil |
| PCP | 7–14 days | Dextromethorphan, diphenhydramine, ibuprofen, imipramine, ketamine, meperidone, thioridazine, tramadol, venlafaxine |
| Marijuana | 3–7 days with single use 5–7 days with 4x weekly use 10–15 days with daily use >30 days with chronic heavy use | Dronabinol, NSAIDs (ibuprofen, naproxen, sulindac), PPIs |
Opioid and Stimulant Intoxication – Signs and Symptoms
| Opioid Intoxication | Stimulant Intoxication (cocaine, amphetamine, etc.) |
| Drowsiness Slurred speech Memory impairment Shallow and slow respiration Pupil constriction Coma | Hypervigilance Tachycardia or bradycardia Pupillary dilation Increased or decreased blood pressure Cardiac arrhythmias Psychomotor agitation or retardation Nausea or vomiting |
Opioid Withdrawal – Signs and Symptoms
| Grade 1 | Grade 2 | Grade 3 |
| Yawning | Mydriasis | Insomnia |
| Sweating | Piloerection | Increased pulse |
| Lacrimation | Muscle twitching | Increased respiratory rate |
| Rhinorrhea | Anorexia | Elevated blood pressure |
| Abdominal cramps | ||
| Vomiting | ||
| Diarrhea Weakness |
Opioid Pain Medication Conversions
| NARCOTIC EQUIVALENTS | ||
| Analgesic | Oral Dose (mg) | Parenteral Dose (mg) |
| Meperidine (Demerol) | 150 | 50 |
| Codeine (Tylenol #3 x3) | 100 | 60 |
| Hydrocodone (Vicodin x3, Lortab x3) | 15 | N/A |
| Morphine (MSIR, Roxanol) | 15 | 5 |
| Oxycodone (Percodan x2, Percocet x2, Tylox x2) | 10 | N/A |
| Methadone (Dolophine) | 10 | 5 |
| Hydromorphone (Dilaudid) | 4 | 0.75 |
| Levorphanol (Levo-Dromoran) | 2 | 1 |
| Fentanyl | N/A | 0.05 |
Benzodiazepine Equivalencies
| Generic Name | Trade Name | Comparative Dose (mg) | Time to Peak Plasma Level (hours) | Half-life (hours) |
| Alprazolam | Xanax | 0.5 | 1-2 | 9-20 |
| Chlordiazepoxide | Librium | 25 | 1-4 | 24-100 |
| Clonazepam | Klonopin | 0.25 | 1-4 | 19-60 |
| Diazepam | Valium | 5 | 1-2 | 30-200 |
| Flurazepam | Dalmane | 15 | 0.5-1 | 40-250 |
| Lorazepam | Ativan | 1 | 2-4 | 8-24 |
| Oxazepam | Serax | 15 | 2-3 | 3-25 |
| Temazepam | Restoril | 10 | 2.5 | 3-24 |
| Triazolam | Halcion | 0.25 | 1-2 | 1.5-5 |